生理学英语词汇解说
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION （绪 论）Acute experiment 急性实验
Experiment performed on animals under anesthesia or with transection of the brain is called acute experiment.
Adaptation 适应
When a maintained stimulus of constant strength is applied to a receptor, the frequency of the action potential in its sensory nerve deadens over time. This phenomenon is known as adaptation.
Auto-regulation 自身调节
In certain cases, a tissue or organ can respond directly to the environmental change, depending neither on nervous nor on humoral control. This form of regulation is called auto-regulation.
Chronic experiment 慢性实验
Chronic experiments may be performed on conscious subject for a long period of time.
Conditioned reflex 条件反射
A conditioned reflex is a reflex response to a stimulus that previously elicited little or no response, acquired by repeatedly pairing to stimulate with another stimulus that normally does produce the response.
Excitability 兴奋性
Excitability is the ability of certain kinds of cells (excitable cell) to generate active changes in their membrane potential. Excitability is a fundamental property common to all tissues and cells.
Excitation 兴奋
Excitation signifies and increases in activity, such as contraction of a muscle, acceleration of the heart beat.
Feedback 反馈
Feedback is a flow of information along a closed loop. Usually, a constancy of physiological variable requires a feedback mechanism that feeds the output information back to the control system so as to modify the nature of control.
Feedforward 前馈
Feedforward control mechanisms often sense a disturbance and can therefore take corrective action that anticipates changes.
Homeostasis 稳态
Homeostasis is the maintenance of a constant state with special reference to the internal medium.
Internal environment 内环境
All cells of the body live in the extracellular fluid, extracellular fluid is called the internal environment of the body.
Interstitial fluid 组织间液
The spaces between cells are called the interstitutium, the fluid in these spaces is the intestitial fluid.
In vitro 体外
Experiments performed on an isolated tissue or organ.
In vivo 在体
Experiments performed on the whole body.
Inhibition 抑制
Inhibition is a decrease in activity, such as the slowing of the heart beat.
Metabolism 新陈代谢
The term “metabolism”, meaning literally “change”, is used to refer to all material and energy transformations that occur in the body.
Negative feedback 负反馈
A regulated variable is sensed, information is sent to a controller, and action is taken to oppose change from the desire value.
Nouro-humoral regulation 神经－体液调节
In many cases, the endocrine system is so closely related to the nervous system that it can be regarded as an extension of the efferent limb of the reflex arc . In this instance it is called nouro-humoral regulation.
Physiology 生理学
The goal of physiology is to explain the physical and chemical factors that are responsible for the origin, development, and progression of life.
Positive feedback 正反馈
With positive feedback, a variable is sensed and action is taken to reinforce change of the variable, so it promotes a change in one direction.
Reflex arc 反射弧
Reflex arc is the pathway in a reflex, it is the basic unit of intergrated neural activity, consisting of sense organ, afferent and efferent nerves, interneurons and effector.
Stimulus 刺激
An environmental factor that causes a response in a sense organ.
Threshold 阈值
The lowest intensity of a stimulus that can be sensed is called threshold.
Chapter 2 THE CELL AND ITS FUNCTION
Absolute refractory period 绝对不应期The time interval during which a cell is incapable of initiating a second action potential.
Action potential 动作电位
An action potential is a rapid change in the membrane potential. Each action potential begins with a sudden change from the normal resting negative potential to a positive membrane potential (depolarization) and then ends with an almost equally rapid change back to the negative potential (repolarization).
Active transport 主动转运
The movement of substances across the membrane occurs against the electrochemical gradient with the necessity of consumption of metabolic energy
afterload 后负荷
Afterload is the load that is given to the muscle after the beginning of the contraction.
All or none 全或无
The action potential fails to occur if the stimulus is subthreshold in magniture ,and it occurs with a constant amplitude and form regardless of the strength of the stimulus if the stimulus is at or above threshold intensity, the action potential is therefore all or none in charater.
Cell membrane 细胞膜
The cell membrane, which envelops the cell is a thin ,pliable, elastic structure only 7.5 to 10 nanometers thick. It is composed almost entirely of proteins and lipids.
Channel 通道
Channels are membrane proteins that contain small, highly selective aqueous pores. Channels usually allow specific ion, eg ,Na+,K+,Ca2+ or Cl- to move down their electrochemical gradients across the membrane.
Complete tetanus 完全强直收缩
When the frequency of stimulation reaches a critical level, the successive contractions are so rapid that they literally fused together, and the contraction appears to be completely smooth and continuous. This is called completely tetanus.
Curare 箭毒
A substance that competes with acetylcholine for postsynaptic receptors at the neuromuscular junction and thereby blocks neuromuscular transmission.
Depolarization 去极化
The change in membrane potential away from the resting potential and toward the sodium equilibrium.
Diffusion 扩散
Diffusion means simply movement through the membrane caused by random motion of the molecules of the substances, moving either through cell membrane pores or through the lipid matrix of the membrane.
Electrochemical equilibrium 电化学平衡
Electrochemical equilibrium is a steady state, as in the resting membrane potential of a cell ,in which an electrical potential and chemical potential gradient are in balance and no net movement of charged particles occurs.
Endocytosis 入胞
Very large particles enter the cell by a specialized function of the cell membrane called endocytosis. The principle forms of endocytosis are pinocytosis and phagocytosis.
Excitation-contraction coupling 兴奋－收缩耦联
The process by which depolarization of the muscle fiber initiates contraction. The action potential is transmitted to all the fibrils in the muscle fiber via the T system. It triggers the release of calcium ions from the terminal cisterns. The Ca2+ initiates contraction.
Exocytosis 出胞
A stimulus to secrete causes the intracellular vesicles to fuse with the plasma membrane and to release the vesicles contents is called exocytosis.
Facilitated diffusion 易化扩散
In facilitated diffusion, transport proteins (carrier and channel proteins) hasten the movement of certain substances across a membrane down their concentration gradients.
Force-velocity curve 强度－速度曲线
A diagram expressing the inverse relationship between the shortening velocity and the force of contraction in muscle.
G protein G蛋白
A cell membrane protein that binds guanosine nucleotides and couples a hormonal signal from a receptor to an amplifier enzyme or ion channel.
Gene 基因
Each gene, which is a nucleic acid called deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), automatically controls the formation of another nucleic acid, ribonucleic acid (RNA), this RNA then spreads throughout the cell to control the formation of a specific protein.
Ionic channel 离子通道
Some proteins making ensembles across the membrane for ion penetration. According to whether opening the gate of channel is electrical-dependent, there are two types of channels. e.g., The ionic channels connected to the ACh receptors at the endplate are non-electrically excited, whereas the sodium and potassium channels of axons are electrically excited.
Isometric contraction 等长收缩
Tension increases but the length of the muscle does not change when a muscle contracts.
Isotonic contraction 等张收缩
Tension remains constant but the muscle shortens when a muscle contracts.
Length-tension curve 长度－强力曲线
A graphic respresentation of the force capability of a muscle at various lengths.
Motor unit 运动单位
A motor axon, together with all of the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates.
Neuromuscular junction 神经肌肉接头
The complex structure responsible for signal transmission from nerve to skeletal muscle.
Preload 前负荷
Preload is the load that is given to the muscle prior to its contraction.
Receptor 受体
A protein molecule in the cell membrane or within cells that selectively binds to a specific chemical (hormone, growth factor, nourotransmitter, drug) and produces a specific physiologic effect.
Relative refractory period 相对不应期
A period follows the end of the absolute refractory period, during which it is possible to elicit a second action potential, but the threshold stimulus intensity is higher than usual.
Repolarization 复极化
Shortly after depolarization, the sodium channels begin to close and the potassium channels open more than they normally do. Then, rapid diffusion of potassium ions to the exterior re-establishes the normal resting potential. This is called repolarization of the membrane.
Resting potential 静息电位
The difference in electrical potential across the membrane of an undisturbed cell, having a positive sign on the outside surface and a negative sign in the interior.
Resting stage 静息期
Resting stage is the resting membrane potential before the action potential begins. The membrane is said to be “polarized” during this stage.
Salutatory conduction 跳跃传导
Conduction of a nerve impulse down a myelinated nerve fiber by skipping from node to node.
Sarcoplasmic reticulum 肌浆网
Sarcoplasmic reticulum is a network of fine tubules and vesicles found in muscle cell and is involved in the transmission of excitation from the surface of the cell to the contractile proteins.
Second messenger 第二信使
A small, diffusible molecule produced when a hormone combines with a cell membrane receptor and which carries the message to the inside of the cell.
Sodium-potassium pump 钠－钾泵
The sodium-potassium pump is responsible for the coupled active transport of Na+ out of cells and K+ into cells. Sodium-potassium pump is also an adenosine triphosphatase, an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP to adenosine diphosphate (ADP).
Tetanus 强直收缩
A sustained contraction resulting from the rapid restimulation of a skeletal muscle.
Tonus 紧张、张力
A sustained contraction of smooth muscle that may occur without continuous nerve stimulation.
Twitch 单收缩
The single mechanical response of a skeletal muscle to a single action potential.
Chapter 3 BLOOD（血液）
Agglutination 凝集During blood transfusion, the red blood cells aggregated together in clumps which were sufficiently large to block minor blood vessels. This clumping is known as agglutination.
Agglutinin 凝集素
The naturally occurring antibodies against the corresponding antigens on the surface of the red blood cells are present in the serum, which is called agglutinin.
Agglutinogen 凝集原
Agglutinogen is referred to the antigen on the surface of the red blood cells, which often causes blood cell agglutination.
Antithrombin Ⅲ 抗凝血酶Ⅲ
Antithrombin Ⅲ is a single-chain glycoprotein, which reacts with thrombin to form an irreversible complex, in which both molecules are inactivated.
Blood 血液
Blood is that part of extracellular fluid within the cardiovascular system.
Blood coagulation 血液凝固
The coagulation system consists of cofactors and a series of zymogens which sequentially activate one another, leading to formation of fibrin at a site of vascular injury.
Blood group 血型
Blood groups are system of genetically determined antigenic substances on the membrane of red blood cells.
Cross-matching test 交叉配血试验
Serum from recipient is tested against the donor’s cells, and serum from donor is tested against the recipient’s cells, this test is called cross-matching test.
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) 红细胞沉降率
When blood to which an anticoagulant has been added stands in a narrow tube, the red cells gradually sediment, leaving a clear zone of plasma above. The erythrocyte sedimontation rate is measured as the length to column of clear plasma after one hour.
Erythropoietin 红细胞生成素
Erythropoietin is a hormone secreted by the kidneys which stimulates hemoglobin synthesis and erythropoiesis.
Fibrinolysis 纤维蛋白溶解
In many cases fibrin within blood vessels is rapidly dissolved to restore the fluidity of the blood, and in others the fibrin becomes hyalinized or is removed by phagocytes and replaced by connective tissue. The process of liquefaction of fibrin is known as fibrinolysis.
Hematocrit 血细胞比容
Hematocrit is the fraction of a volume of blood occupied by the blood cells.
Hemoglobin 血红蛋白
Hemoglobin is a chromoprotein found in the red blood cells and having a great affinity for oxygen.
Hemolysis 溶血
Agglutination may destroy the red blood cells, releasing hemoglobin. This is called hemolysis.
Hemostasis 生理性止血
Hemostasis is the process by which bleeding from an injured blood vessel is arrested or reduced.
Hemostatic plug (blood blot) 血栓
The hemostatic plug is composed of a meshwork of fibrin fibers running in all directions and entrapping blood cells, platelets, and plasma.
Heparin 肝素
Heparin is a polysaccharide produced primarily in the basophilic mast cells distributed in the pericapillary tissue. Heparin prevents coagulation by inhibiting prothrombin conversion and possibly thrombin itself.
Serum 血清
After the clot forms, it retracts, extruding fluid identical to plasma except for the absence of fibrinogen and factor Ⅶ and Ⅸ. This fluid is serum.
Thrombin 凝血酶
Thrombin is a serine protease that is borned from its circulating precursor, prothrombins, by the action of activated factor X. The conversion of fibringen to fibrin is catalyzed by thrombin.
Chapter 4 CIRCULATION
Angiotensin 血管紧张素Angiotensin is a vasoconstrictor peptide derived from plasma globulin by the action of renin.
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) 心房钠尿肽
Atrial natriuretic peptide is a hormone released by the atrial walls of the heart when they become stretched. The ANP in turn has a direct effect on the kidneys to increase greatly their excretion of salt and water.
Autorhythmicity 自动节律性
Autorhythmicity is the ability to initiate its own beat. Many cardiac tissues are found to have autorhythmicity, for example sino-atrial node, intraventricular tracts and Purkinje cells. In addition to the cardiac tissue, the smooth muscle of the gastrointestinal tract has also autorhythmicity.
Baroreceptor 压力感受器
Baroreceptors are spray-type nerve endings that lie in the walls of the arteries, they are stimulated when stretched. Baroreceptors are abundant in (1) the wall of each internal carotid artery, an area known as the carotid sinus, and (2) the wall of the aortic arch.
Blood pressure 血压
Blood pressure means the force exerted by the blood against any unit area of the vessel wall.
Capacitance vessel 容量血管
The veins have wide lumen and contain a greater volume of blood than any other section of the circulation does, thus the veins are referred to as the capacitance vessels.
Cardiac cycle 心动周期
The cardiac events that occur from the beginning of one heartheat to the beginning of the next are called a cardiac cycle . Cardiac cycle is composed of two periods: systole and diastole.
Cardiac function curve 心功能曲线
A plot of cardiac function, such as stroke work, stroke volume, or cardiac output, against a preload variable, such as end-diastolic fiber length, end-diastolic volume, or end-diastolic pressure.
Cardiac index 心指数
Cardiac index is the cardiac output per square meter of body surface area.
Cardiac output 心输出量
The product of the frequency of pumping (heart rate) and the stroke volume is the cardiac output; it is also called minute volume.
Cardiac reserve 心力贮备
The ability of the heart to adapt need of organism for expelling a larger quantity of blood above the basal level.
Cardiovascular center 心血管中枢
The cardiovascular centers are responsible for integration of sensory information and subsequent modification of efferent autonomic nerve activity to the heart and blood vessels.
Central venous pressure 中心静脉压
The venous pressure as measured at the right atrium.
Cerebrospinal fluid 脑脊液
The cerebrospinal fluid is a lymph like fluid found in the cavities and canals of the brain and spinal cord and between the meninges.
Chemoreceptor 化学感受器
The chemoreceptors are chemosensitive cells sensitive to oxygen lack, carbon dioxide excess, or hydrogen ion excess.
Compensatory pause 代偿间歇
The pause between the extra beat and the next normal beat is slightly longer than the usual beat interval, which is called compensatory pause.
Coronary circulation 冠脉循环
Coronary circulation is the blood circulation in the heart.
Depressor reflex 降压反射
The depressor reflex is viewed as the most important reflex in various reflex. When arterial pressure is raised above its normal level, baroreceptor activity is increased and the reflex tends to bring the arterial pressure back toward its normal level; whereas a decrease in arterial pressure below normal level causes a decrease in baroreceptor activity, and in turn results in an increase in sympathetic vasomotor tone and an inhibition of the cardioinhibitory center. The physiological role of the depressor reflex is to maintain a relatively constant of arterial blood pressure.
Diastolic pressure 舒张压
Diastolic pressure is the lowest blood pressure in an artery during the diastole of the heart.
Edema 水肿
Edema refers to the presence of excess fluid in body tissues.
Effective refractory period(ERP) 有效不应期
The duration from the beginning of phase 0 to –60mV of repolarization fails to produce action potential to any stimulus, no matter how strong. This duration is called ERP. In the ERP, the excitability is almost zero.
Ejection fraction 射血分数
The proportion of the end-diastolic volume that is ejected (i.e. stroke volume/end diastolic volume).
Electrocardiogram (ECG) 心电图
The synchronized depolarizations spreading through the heart cause currents that establish field potential, whose differences can be amplified and detected by electrodes placed on the body surface. The record produced is called electrocardiogram.
Exchange vessel 交换血管
The capillaries are tubes formed by a single layer of endothelial cells,. They create a very large area where the material exchanges between blood and the tissue cells take place.
Heart sound 心音
When the valves close, the vanes of the valves and the surrounding fluids vibrate under the influence of the sudden pressure differentials that develop, giving off sound that travels in all directions through the chest. These sounds are called heart sounds.
Heterometric regulation 异长调节
Regulation of cardiac output as a result of changes in cardiac muscle fiber length is called heterometric regulation.
Hypertension 高血压
When a person is said to have hypertension (or “high blood pressure”), it is meant that his or her mean arterial pressure is greater than the upper range of the accepted normal measure.
Kinin 激肽
Kinins are the substances that can cause powerful vasodilation. They are formed in the blood and tissue fluids of some organs.
Mean arterial blood pressure 平均动脉压
The mean arterial blood pressure is the pressure in the arteries, average over time.
Microcirculation 微循环
Microcirculation is the circulation between arterioles and venules. In the microcirculation, the most purposeful function of the circulation occurs: transport of nutrients to the tissues and removal of cellular excreta.
Pacemaker 起搏点、起搏器
The automatic cells that ordinarily fire at the highest frequency which are located in the sinoatrial node, excitation of the heart normally begins in the sinoatrial (SA) node.
Premature systole (extrasystale) 期前收缩
When a second action potential is triggered at the very start of the relative refractory period, the second contraction is superimposed on the semirelaxed phase of the first contraction. This phenomenon is called premature systole.
Pulse pressure 脉压
The pulse pressure is the difference between the systolic pressure and diastolic pressure.
Resistance vessels 阻力血管
The small arterioles and small venules have narrow lumina which offer a high resistance to flow. Therefore, blood dissipates much of its energy in flowing through these small vessels.
Sinoatrial node 窦房结
The sinoatrial node is a small flattened, ellipsoid strip of specialized muscle. It is located in the superior posterolateral wall of the right atrium. Its fibers connect directly with the atrial muscle fibers, so that any action potential that begins in the node spreads immediately into the atrial muscle wall.
Specialized conducting system 特殊传导系统
Specialized conducting system consists of sinoatrial (SA) node, interatrial tracts, internodal tracts, atrial-ventricular (AV) node, bundle of His, right and left bundle branches and Purkinje fibers.
Starling’s law of the heart 心脏的Starling定律
The law defining the relationship between ventricular end-diastolic fiber length (preload) and stroke volume.
Stroke volume 每搏输出量
Stroke volume is referred to the volume ejected at each contraction by one side of the heart.
Stroke work 搏功
The stroke work of the heart is the amount of energy that the heart converts to work during each heart beat while pumping blood into arteries.
Systolic pressure 收缩压
The pressure rises during cardiac systole and falls during diastole. The peak pressure value reached during systole is termed the systole pressure. Usually, at rest systolic pressure of the healthy young adulte is 100~120mmHg.
Thoroughfare channel 直捷通路
Blood may bypass the capillaries and flow through the metarterioles, which contain little smooth muscle, and through small vessels called thoroughfare channel.
True capillary 真毛细血管
The capillaries provide a large surface area for the diffusion of substances between blood and interstitial fluid surrounding the cells.
Ventricular afterload 心室的后负荷
Afterload is the load that is given to the muscle after the beginning of the contraction. Aortic pressure or arterial pressure is usually considered as the afterload for an intact heart. A reduced stroke volume results from the increase in afterload, in other words, the afterload is the resistance against cardiac output.
Ventricular preload 心室的前负荷
Preload is the load that is given to the muscle prior to its contraction. The initial length of the muscle can be determined by the preload. In the intact heart the preload of the ventricle is the end diastolic pressure(EDP) and the initial length of the ventricle is the end diastolic volume (EDV). Therefor EDV can be determined by EDP.
Chapter 5 RESPIRATION
2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) 2,3-二磷酸甘油2,3-diphosphoglycerate (also called 2,3-DPG), a unique compound that binds reversibly with hemoglobin. It is produced by red blood cells as they break down glucose by the anaerobic process called glycolysis. The DPG in the blood keeps the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve shifted to the right, which facilitates oxygen to be released to the tissues.
Alveolar dead space 肺泡无效腔
Occasionally, some of the alveoli themselves are nonfunctional or only partially functional because of absent or poor blood flow through adjacent pulmonary capillaries.
Alveolar ventilation 肺泡通气量
The amount of air reaching the alveoli per minute, at rest it generally amounts to 4.2L/min.
Anatomic dead space 解剖无效腔
The space in the conducing zone of the airways occupied by gas that does not exchange with blood in the pulmonary vessels, such as in the nose, pharynx, and trachea since these area is not useful the gas exchange process but instead goes to fill respiratory passages.
Bohr effect 波尔效应
The increased oxygen release by hemoglobin in the presence of elevated carbon dioxide levels (the effects shift the oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve to the left and upward). By forming hydrogen ions, carbon dioxide loading facilitates oxygen unloading, i.e., the decrease in O2 affinity of hemoglobin when the pH of blood falls, which is closely related to the fact that deoxygenated hemoglobin (deoxyhemoglobin) binds H+ more actively than does oxyhemoglobin.
CO2 dissociation curve 二氧化碳解离曲线
The graph of the relationship between CO2 content and the partial pressure of CO2 (CO2 content plotted against the partial pressure of CO2 ),which is curvilinear and does not show saturation.
Compliance 顺应性
Distensibility, the ability of the lungs to tolerate changes in volume, a property that reflects the presence of elastic fibers. It is defined as the change in volume per unit change in pressure (△V/△P), the reciprocal of the compliance.
Cough reflex 咳嗽反射
A cough is a large slow inspiration followed, initially against a closed glottis by rapid and powerful expiration. Vagal nerve endings in the epithelium of the larynx and trachea are excited by mechanical and chemical irritants and reflexly cause a cough and broncholaryngeal costriction.
Elastic recoil of the lungs 肺的弹性回缩
The ability of lungs to tolerate expands in volume and tends to collapse at each instant of respiration.
Elastic resistance 弹性阻力
A term used to describe the elastic properties of the lung and chest wall; the resistance or elastance (△V/△P),the reciprocal of the compliance.
Expiratory reserve volume 补呼气量
The volume expelled by an active expiratory effort after passive expiration. The maximum extra volume of air that can be expired by forceful expiration after the end of a normal tidal expiration; it normally amounts to about 1100ml.
External respiration 外呼吸
The exchange of gases between blood and the external environment, which involves not only diffusion across the lung capillaries but also the bulk movement of gases in and out of the lungs.
Forced expiratory volume (FEV1) 用力呼气量
The fraction of the forced vital capacity (FVC) expired during the first second of a forced expiration.
Functional residual capacity (FRC) 机能余气量
It equals to the expiratory reserve volume plus the residual volume. This is the amount of air that remains in the lungs at the end of normal expiration (about 2300ml).
Functional shutting 功能性短路
Whenever the ventilation perfusion ratio is below normal, there is not ventilation enough to provide the oxygen needed to oxygenate fully the blood flowing through the alveolar capillaries. Therefore, a certain fraction of the venous blood passing through the pulmonary capillaries does not become oxygenated. This phenomenon is called functional shutting.
Haldane effect 何尔登效应
The increase in carbon dioxide unloading from hemoglobin in response to the combination of oxygen with hemoglobin, i.e., when oxygen binds with hemoglobin, carbon dioxide is released.
Hering-Breuer reflexes 黑－伯反射
The Hering-Breuer inflation reflex is an increase in the duration of expiration produced by steady lung inflation, and the Hering-Breuer deflation reflex is a decrease in the duration of expiration produced by marked deflation of a lung.
Inspiratory center 吸气中枢
A group of neurons, located in the medulla oblongata, which sets the basic rhythm of breathing by automatically initiating inspiration; also known as the dorsal respiratory group.
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRC) 补吸气量
The air inspired with a maximal inspiratory effort in excess of the volume. i.e., the maximum extra volume of air that be inspired over and above the normal tidal volume, it is usually equal to about 3000ml.
Internal respiration 内呼吸
The exchange of gases between the tissue cells and the systemic capillaries. The diffusion of gases between the interstitial fluid and the cytoplasm.
Intrapleural pressure 胸内压
The pressure within the pleural cavity is called intrapleural pressure.
Intrapulmonary pressure 肺内压
The pressure within the alveoli of the lungs, also called introalveolar pressure.
Medullary chemoreceptors 延髓化学感受器
The chemoreceptors located in the medulla oblongata, which mediate the hyperventilation produced by increases in arterial PCO2 after the carotid and aortic bodies are denervated.
Minute ventilation volume 每分通气量
The total amount of new air moved into the respiratory passages each minute; equal to the tidal volume times the respiratory rate. The minute respiratory volume generally amounts to 6L/min.
Oxygen capacity 氧容量
The oxygen capacity is used to indicate how much O2 per liter of blood is attached to the hemoglobin when fully saturated with O2, it therefore depends on the individual’s hemoglobin concentration.
Oxygen content 氧含量
The oxygen content is used to indicate how much O2 per liter of blood is attached to the hemoglobin in normal arterial blood, described as percent saturated.
Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve 氧－血红蛋白解离曲线
The graph of the relationship between the partial pressure of oxygen and the degree of hemoglobin saturation with oxygen, which has a characteristic sigmoid shape.
Partial pressure 分压
The pressure of the individual gases in a mixed gas is called partial pressure.
Peripheral chemoreceptor 外周化学感受器
Chemoreceptors located in carotid body, aortic body, and some other areas outside the brain, which are important for detecting changes in O2, CO2 and H+ concentration in blood.
Pneumotaxic center 呼吸调整中枢
A center in the reticular formation of the pons that regulates the activities of the apneustic and respiratory rhythmicity centers to adjust the pace of respiration, which involves in controlling the rate and pattern of breathing.
Pulmonary diffusing capacity 肺扩散容量
The volume of a gas that diffuses through the membrane each minute for a pressure difference of 1 mmHg, which is generally used as a quantitative terms in describing the ability of the respiratory membrane to exchange a gas between the alveoli and the pulmonary blood.
Pulmonary ventilation (respiratory minute volume) 肺通气量
The total amount of air inspired or expired per minute, it is equal to the tidal volume times the respiratory rate, normally about 6L (500ml/breath×12 breaths/min).
Pulmonary ventilation 肺通气
The inflow or outflow of air between the atmosphere and the lung alveoli.
Pulmonary/perfusion ratio 通气/血流比值
The ratio of pulmonary ventilation to pulmonary blood flow for the whole lung, at rest about 0.8 (4.2 L/min ventilation divided by 5.5 L/min blood flow).
Residual volume (RV) 余气量
The air left in the lungs after a maximal expiratory effort. This volume averages about 1200 milliliters.
Respiratory center 呼吸中枢
Specific areas of the medulla oblongata, the dorsal respiratory group, ventral respiratory group of neurons, pre-Botzinger complex and pons. They are believed to be concerned with respiration and are classically been called the respiratory centers.
Respiratory minute volume 每分钟通气量
The amount of air moved into or out of the respiratory passages each minute. This is equal to the tidal volume times the respiratory rate.
Sneeze reflex 喷嚏反射
Nerve endings of the trigeminal nerves in the nasal mucosa are excited by chemical and mechanical irritants and reflexly cause a sneeze and brocholaryngeal constriction. A sneeze is a number of superimposed inspirations followed by a strong and rapid expiration and then a short pause in the expiratory position.
Surface tension 表面张力
The force of attraction between water molecules at an air-water surface, which draws water molecules closer together.
Surfactant 表面活性物质
A detergent-like mixture of phospholipids and lipoproteins that lowers the surface tension of water, produced by surfactant-secreting (Type-II) cells. It is a mixture of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), other lipids, and proteins.
Tidal volume (TV) 潮气量
The amount of air that moves into the lungs with each inspiration (or the amount that moves out with each expiration) i.e., the volume of air inspired or expired with each normal breath; it amounts to about 500ml.
Timed vital capacity (TVC) 时间肺活量
The function of the vital capacity expired during the first second of a forced expiration (TVC1) gives additional information. The vital capacity may be normal but the first second of a forced expiration is reduced in diseases such as asthma.
Total lung capacity (TLC) 肺总容量
The maximum volume to which the lungs can be expanded with the greatest possible effort (about 5800ml); it is equal to the vital capacity plus the residual volume.
Vital capacity (VC) 肺活量
The largest amount of air that can be expired after a maximal inspiratory effort frequently measured clinically as an index of pulmonary function. It equals to the inspiratory reserve volume plus the tidal volume plus the expiratory reserve volume. This is the maximum amount of air a person can expel from the lungs after first filling the lungs to their maximum extent and then expiring to the maximum extent and then expiring to the maximum effect (about 4600ml).
Chapter 6 DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION
Absorption 吸收Absorption is the process of transporting small molecules from the lumen of the gut into blood stream.
Carbonic anhydrase 碳酸酐酶
Carbonic anhydrase is the enzyme which reversibly catalyzes the conversion of CO2 and H2O to carbonic acid.
Cephalic phase of gastric secretion 头期胃分泌
The cephalic phase of gastric secretion occurs even before food enters the stomach. It results from sight, smell, thought, or taste of food, and the greater the appetite, the more intense is the stimulation.
Cholecystokinin (CCK) 胆囊收缩素
Cholecystokinin is a polypeptide hormone secreted by the upper small intestinal mucosa when food enters the small intestine. CCK passes by way of blood to the pancreas and gallbladder causes secretion of large quantities of digestive enzymes by pancreatic acini and gallbladder contraction.
Chylomicron 乳糜微粒
Chylomicrons are complexes of triglycerides, cholesterol esters and fat-soluble vitamins, all of which are enveloped in a hydrophobic coat composed of specific apoproteins, phospholipid and free cholesterol.
Chyme 食糜
After the food has become mixed with the stomach secretions, the resulting mixture that passes down the gut is called chyme.
Defection 排便
Defection means the emptying of the bowels. Defection is used to be initiated when a mass movement forces feces into the retum.
Digestion 消化
Digestion is a process essential for the conversion of food into a small and simple form.
Emulsification 乳化
Emulsification is a result of a detergent action of bile salts, it decreases the surface tension of fat particles and allows the agitation in the intestinal track to break the fat globules into minute sizes.
Enteric system 肠神经系统
The enteric system is a nervous net work in the gastrointestinal tract. It is composed of ganglia and interconnecting fibers that lie in the wall of the gastrointestinal tract and form the myenteric and submucosal plexues. Enteric system is active in the regulation of the gastrointestinal activities.
Enterogastric reflex 肠胃反射
The enterogastric reflex is initiated by the pressure of food in the small intestine. It inhibits stomach by transmitting through the enteric and extrinsic nervous systems.
Enterogastrone 肠抑胃素
Enterogastrone is a putative gut hormone that inhibits gastric secretion and motility. It is suggested that several hormones including CCK, GIP, neurotensin, or a combination of them could be physiological enterogastrones.
Enterohepatic circulation of bile salt 胆盐的肠肝循环
The enterohepatic circulation of bile salts is the recycling of bile salts between the small intestine and the liver.
Enterokinase 肠激酶
The enterokinase is an enzyme secreted by the intestinal mucosa when chyme comes in contact with the mucosa. The function of enterokinase is to activate trypsinogen into trypsin.
Gastric emptying 胃排空
Gastric emptying is promoted by the intense peristaltic contractions in the stomach antrum. At the same time, emptying is opposed by varying degrees of resistance to the passage of chyme at the pylorus.
Gastric phase of gastric secretion 胃期胃分泌
Once food enters the stomach, it excites (1) long vagovagal reflexes, (2) local enteric reflexes, and (3) the gastrin mechanism, all of which in turn cause secretion of gastric juice during several hours while the food remains in the stomach.
Gastrin 胃泌素
Gastrin is a gut hormone secreted by the endocrine G cells in the gastric pyloric mucosa and duodenum mucosa. Gastrin is secreted in two forms, a large form called G-34, and a smaller form, G-17.
Gastrointestinal hormone 胃肠激素
The hormones produced by endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal mucosa and are involved in the control of gastrointestinal motility ad secretion.
H+－K+ ATPase H+－K+ ATP酶
The enzyme responsible for active secretion of hydrogen ions by the perietal cells. The H+－K+ ATPase also called proton pump or H+－pump.
Histamine 组胺
Histamine is an amine occurring in animal and vegetable tissues. It is a powerful vasodilator and stimulator of gastric secretion.
Lower esophageal sphincter 下食道括约肌
Ring of smooth muscle at the gastroesophageal junction tonically contracted to produce an intraluminal high-pressure zone and barrier to reflux from stomach to esophagus.
Micelle 微胶粒
At or above a certain concentration, the bile salts aggregate to form micelles when bile salts alone are present in the micelle, it is called a simple micelle. The simple micelles incorporate the lipid digestion products, monoglyceride and fatty acids, to form mixed micelles. This renders the lipid digestion products water-soluble.
Migrating motor complex (MMC) 移行性运动复合波
Migrating motor complex is the predominant motor pattern of the small intestine in the interdigestive state. This pattern consists of three consecutive phases: a silent period, phase I, which has no contractile activity; phase II, which consists of irregulatory occurring contractions; and phase III, which consists of regularly occurring contractions. Phase I occurs after phase III, and the cycle is repeated.
Myenteric plexus 肌间神经丛
An outer plexus lying between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers, called the myenteric plexus or Auerbach’s plexus. The myenteric plexus controls mainly the gastrointestinal movements.
Peristalsis 蠕动
The peristalsis is the basic propulsive movement of the gastrointestnial tract ,which causes the contents to move forward along the tract.
Potentiation 协同作用，增强作用
When the effect of two stimulants is greater than the effect of either of the stimulants alone.
Receptive relaxation 容受性舒张
A phenomenon in which intragastric pressure hardly rises during gastric filling, it is a mechanism by which the stomach adjusts to the intake of a meal and is brought about by neurally mediated relaxation of the muscles in the proximal stomach.
Secondary active transport 继发性主动转运
A carrier mediated transport system by which a solute is moved against the electrochemical gradient. The mechanism involves coupling to another ion, usually Na+, which is moving down an electrochemical gradient. Solute transport is not linked directly to the energy-yielding step.
Secretin 胰泌素
Secretin is a polypeptide hormone secreted by the duodenal and upper jejunal mucosa when highly acid food enters the small intestine. Secretin mainly stimulates secretion of large quantities of sodium bicarbonate solution by the pancreatic ductal epithelium.
Segmentation 分节运动
Segmentation is the alternate contraction and relaxation of complete segments of the small intestine and reflects the activity of the circular muscle.
Slow wave 慢波
If an electrode is inserted into a smooth muscle, it records a recurring depolarization, they are called slow waves or basic electrical rhythm (BER). Slow waves are not action potential, but show undulating changes in the resting membrane potential.
Submucosal plexus 粘膜下神经丛
An inner plexus, called the submucosal plexus or Meissner’s plexus, that lies in the submucosa. The submucosal plexus controls mainly gastrointestinal secretion and local blood blow.
Trypsin inhibitor 胰蛋白抑制物
Trypsin inhibitor is formed in the cytoplasm of pancreatic acini, it prevents activation of trypsin both inside the secretory cells and in the acini and ducts of the pancreas.
Unstirred water layer 不流动水层
A layer of poorly stirred fluid coats the surface of the intestinal villi is called unstirred water layer.
Vago-vagal reflex 迷走－迷走反射
Reflexes for which sensory signals are transmitted in vagal afferent fibers to be processed in vagally related circuits in the medulla oblongata, with the return outflow carried back to the digestive tract in efferent vagal fibers.
Villus 绒毛
A minute structure of the intestinal mucosa projecting into the lumen of the intestine. Villus is an organ of absorption.
Chapter 7 ENERGY METABOLISM AND BODY TEMPERATURE
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) 三磷酸腺苷Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a labile chemical compound that is present everywhere in the cytoplasm and nucleoplasm of all cells and essentially all the physiologic mechanisms that require energy for operation obtain this directly from the ATP.
Basal metabolic rate (BMR) 基础代谢率
The basal metabolic rate is the metabolic rate determined under basal conditions which includes complete mental and physical relaxation in a room or a comfortable temperature and 12~14 hours after the last meal.
Body temperature 体温
The body temperature is often referred to core temperature. The core refers to the central area of the body, including the brain and viscera, which are maintained at a constant temperature.
Caloric value 卡价（热价）
The caloric value of the food is the energy released by oxidation of 1 gram of such food.
Calorimeter 能量测定仪
Apparatus for measuring the amount of heat produced by a chemical action or by an animal body.
Circadian rhythm 昼夜节律
The fluctuations in homeostatically regulated function that repeat in a cyclic pattern every 24 hours is called circadian rhythm.
Conduction 传导
Conduction is the transfer of heat between objects that are in direct contact with one another.
Convection 对流
Convection is the loss of heat occurs from the body surface to the air.
Direct calorimetry 直接测热法
The whole body metabolic rate can be determined by measuring the total quantity of heat liberated from the body in a given time by using a large specially constructed calorimeter. The method is called direct calorimetry.
Energy metabolism 能量代谢
The energy metabolism means the liberation, transformation and utilization of energy produced by the material metabolism in the body.
Evaporation 蒸发
Evaporation is the water molecules absorb heat from their environment and become energetic enough to escape as gas.
Indirect calorimetry 间接测热法
One can calculate with a high degree of precision the rate of heat liberation on the body from the energy equivalent of oxygen used in a given period of time. This method is called indirect calorimetry.
Insensible perspiration 不感蒸发
Even when a person is not sweating, water still evaporates insensibly from the skin and lung, this is called insensible perspiration which causes continual heat loss at a lower rate.
Radiation 辐射
A process by which heat is transferred from a warmer surface to a cooler surface by electromagnetic (typically, infrared) waves.
Set-point 调定点
At a critical body core temperature, drastic changes occur in the rate of both heat loss and heat production. That is, all the temperature control mechanisms continually attempt to bring the body temperature back to this set-point level.
Shivering 寒战
Shivering is an involuntary contraction of skeletal muscle fibers that can raise the metabolic rate threefold and is controlled by the hypothalamus.
Specific dynamic effect of food 食物的特殊动力作用
After a meal is ingested, the metabolic rate increases as a result of the different chemical reactions associated with digestion, absorption, and storage of food in the body. This effect of food on the metabolic rate is called the specific dynamic effect of food.
Sweating 出汗
Sweating is an active secretory process from eccrine sweat glands which are widely distributed over the surface of bady.
Thermal equivalent of oxygen 氧热价
The quantity of energy liberated per liter of oxygen used in the body is called thermal equivalent of oxygen. For the average diet, it is about 4.825 calories.
Chapter 8 EXCRETORY FUNCTION OF THE KIDNEYS
Aldosteron 醛固酮Aldosteron is a sodium-retaining hormone of the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex. Aldosterone reduces sodium excretion and increases potassium excretion by the kidneys, this increasing sodium and decreasing potassium in the body.
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) 抗利尿激素
A product of neurohypohysis which, through its action on kidneys, promotes the conservation of body water.
Autoregulation of blood flow 血流量自身调节
Autoregulation means simply regulation of blood flow by the tissue itself. Whenever on excessive amount of blood flows through a tissue., the local vasculture constricts and decreases the blood flow forward to normal.
Cortical nephron 皮质肾单位
The nephrons have their glomeruli located in the outer and middle portion of the renal cortex are called cortical nephrons.
Countercurrent exchange 逆流交换
Countercurrent exchange is a common process in the vascular system. Blood flows in opposite directions along juxtaposed decending (arterial) and ascending (venous) vasa recta, and solutes and water are exchanged between these capillary blood vessels.
Countercurrent multiplication 逆流倍增
Countercurrent multiplication is the process where by a small gradient established at any level of the loop of Henle is increased (maltiplied) into a much larger gradient along the axis of the loop.
Effective filtration pressure (EFP) 有效滤过压
The effective filtration pressure of glomerulus represents the sum of the hydrostatic and colloid osmotic forces that either favor or oppose filtration across the glomerular capillaries.
Glomerular filtration fraction 肾小球滤过分数
The glomerular filtration fraction is the filtration rate as percentage of the total renal plasma flow that passes through both kidneys.
Glomerular filtration membrane 肾小球滤过膜
The barrier between the capillary blood and the fluid inside the Bowmen’s capsule is called glomerular filtration membrane.
Glomerular filtration rate 肾小球滤过率
The minute volume of plasma filtered through the glomeruli of the kidneys is called the glomerular filtration rate.
Glomearulo-tubular balance 球管平衡
One of the most basic mechanisms for controlling tubular reabsorption is the intrinsic ability of the tubules to increase their reabsorption rate in response to increased tubular inflow. This phenomenon is referred to as glomerulo-tubular balance.
Inulin 菊粉
Inulin is a carbohydrate compound of 5200 molecular weight used to estimate glomerular filtration rate, since it is neither secreted nor reabsorbed by the tubules.
Juxtaglomerular apparatus 近球小体
The juxtaglomerular apparatus consists of the juxtaglomerular cells, the macula densa and the extraglomerular mesangium.
Juxtaglomerular cell 近球细胞
The juxtaglomerular cells are specialized myoepithelial cells in the media of afferent arteriole close to the glomerulus.
Juxtamedullary nephron 近髓肾单位
The nephrons have glomeruli that lie deep in the renal cortex near the medulla and have long loops of Henle that are deep into the medulla are called juxtamedullary nephron.
Macula densa 致密斑
At the end of the thick ascending limb is a short segment which is actually a plaque in its wall, known as the macula densa. The macula densa plays an important role in controlling nephron function.
Micturition 排尿
Micturition is the process by which the urinary bladder empties when it becomes filled.
Nephron 肾单位
Nephron is the functional unit of the kidney. Each nephron has two major components: renal corpuscle and renal tube.
Osmotic diuresis 渗透性利尿
An increase in urine flow due to excretion of an osmotically active solute.
Renal clearance 肾清除率
The volume of plasma per unit time needed to supply its quantity of substance excreted in the urine per unit time.
Renal glucose threshold 肾糖阈
When the plasma glucose concentration increases up to a value about 180 to 200 mg per deciliter, glucose can first be detected in the urine, this value is called the renal glucose threshold.
Rennin 肾素
An enzyme of renal origin that catalyzes the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.
Supraoptic nuclei 视上核
Supraoptic nuclei are the specialized groups of neurons in the hypothalamus involved in control of neurohypophyseal secretion of vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone).
Transport maximum (Tm) 转运极限
Transport maximum is the maximum rate at which the kidney active transport mechanisms can transfer a particular solute into or out of the tubules.
Tubular reabsorption 肾小管重吸收
Tubular reabsorption denotes the transport of substances from the tubular fluid through the tubular epithelium into peritubular capillary blood.
Urinary concentration 尿的浓缩
The basic requirements for forming a concentrated urine are a high level of ADH and a high osmolarity of the renal medullary interstitial fluid.
Urinary dilution 尿的稀释
The mechanism for forming a dilute urine is continuously reabsorbing solutes from the distal segments of the tabular system while failing to reabsorb water.
Vasa recta 直小血管
In the juxtamedullary nephrons the efferent arterioles also supply the long venous loops－the vasa recta－that pass deep into the medulla.
Water diuresis 水利尿
The volume of urine increases when water intake exceeds body needs, it is resulted from suppression of ADH secretion
Chapter 9 NERVOUS SYSTEM
Adrenergic neuron 肾上腺素能神经元A kind of neuron that releases at its end buttons on stimulation a substance with the properties of adrenaline or noradrenaline.
Adrenergic receptor 肾上腺素受体
There are two major types of adrenergic receptors. α receptors andβ receptors. Theβ receptors in turn are divided into β1 and β2 receptors. Norepinephrine excites mainly αreceptors but the β receptors to a less extent as well. Epinephrine excites both types of receptors approximately equally.
Aphasia 失语症
Loss of ability to comprehend or use language and /or speech.
Autonomic nervous system 自主神经系统
The autonomic nervous system comprises all the efferent pathways from controlling centers in the brain and spinal cord to effector organs other than skeletal muscle.
Chemical synapse 化学性突触
At the major junction of chemical synapses the arrival of activity in the presynaptic region is followed by the release of chemical transmitters which diffuse across the synaptic cleft. Transmitters interact transiently with receptors on the postsynaptic membrane and produce a change in membrane conductance and consequently membrane potential.
Cholinergic neuron 胆碱能神经元
A kind of neuron that liberates acetylcholine at its synaptic knobs with activity.
Conditioned reflex 条件反射
A learned reflex in which the nervous system is trained to produce a new and unusual response to a stimulus.
Decerebrate rigidity 去大脑僵直
When the brain stem is sectioned below the midlevel of the mesencephalon, the rigidity occurs in the antigravity muscles. This phenomenon is called decerebrate rigidity.
Efferent nevrve 传出神经
A nerve which carries impulses out of the central nervous system is called efferent nerve.
Electroencephalogram (EEG) 脑电图
The minute electrical currents spontaneously generated by neuronal activity which recorded from the scalp or directly from the cortical surface.
Evoked potential 诱发电位
The various discrete electrical changes in the encephalon or the spinal cord which can be produced by stimulation of sense organs or of some point along the ascending pathways to it.
Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) 兴奋性突触后电位
The excitatory postsynaptic patential is the local postsynaptic depolarization due to relase of excitatory transmitter from presynaptic terminals. EPSP brings the membrane closer to threshold and makes it more likely that an action potential will be triggered.
Fatigue 疲劳
The reduced capability of a muscle following a long period of activity.
Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) 抑制性突触后电位
A hyperpolarizing potential at a synapse that reduced the excitability of the postsynaptic cell.
Insomnia 失眠
Insomnia may be defined as the subjective problem of insufficient or nonrestorative sleep despite an adequate opportunity for sleep. Persistent insomnia can be due to many different mental and medical conditions.
Intraspindle muscle 梭内肌
The muscle spindle is built around 3 to 12 very small intraspindle muscle fibers that are pointed at their ends and attached to the glycocalyx of the surrounding large extrafusal skeletal muscle (梭外肌) fibers. The intraspindle muscles function as a sensory receptor.
Memory 记忆
Memory is the ability to recall past events at the conscious or unconscious level.
Motor neuron 运动神经元
There are two classes of motor neurons-large diameter (up to 70 mm) α cells with axons of 12~20mm in diameter that innervate skeletal extrafusal fibers in skeletal muscle and small γ cells with axons of 1~8mm in diameter that innervate the intrafusal fibers of the muscle spindles.
Motor unit 运动单位
A single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers its axon supplies.
Neuroglial cell 神经胶质细胞
Neuroglial cells support and segregate groups of neurons and may have additional, perhaps nutritive functions.
Neuron 神经元
Neuron is the fundamental unit of the nervous system. Each neuron consists of soma (cell body), dendrite, axon and synaptic terminal.
Neurotransmitter 神经递质
Substances released from nerve cells at synapses and presumed to mediate normal chemical transmission.
Nociceptor 伤害感受器
A receptor specialized to fire in response to injurious or noxious stimuli.
Node of Ranvier 郎飞结
The regularly spaced constrictions along a myelin sheath to which the action potentials are restricted during nervous conduction.
Nonspecific projection system 非特异性投射系统
Diffuse projections from the nonspecific thalamic nuclei connecting the ascending reticular activating system to widespread areas of cortex have a role in modifying the states of consciousness which is called nonspecific projection system.
Pain 疼痛
Pain can be described as the sensation resulting from stimuli which are intense enough to threaten or to cause tissue injury.
Peripheral nervous system (PNS) 外周神经系统
The peripheral nervous system is that portion of the nervous system that lies outside the spinal cord and brain, it comprises both the somatic and the autonomic divisions.
Presynaptic inhibition 突触前抑制
A process which reduces the amount of synaptic transmitter liberated by action potentials arriving at excitatory synaptic knobs. The neuron producing presynaptic inhibition ends on an excitatory synaptic knob.
Postsynaptic inhibition 突触后抑制
The presynaptic neuron liberates an inhibitory transmitter increasing the permeability of the postsynaptic membrane to potassium ions and /or chloride ions thereby increasing the negativity of the postsynaptic membrane potential. In this hyperpolarized state it is difficult to stimulate.
Postsynaptic potential 突触后电位
The special form of subthreshold potential change occurring across the synaptic membrane of the postsynaptic neuron when an impulse arrives in the presynaptic fiber, see EPSP, IPSP.
Referred pain 牵涉痛
Damage to an internal organ is commonly associated with pain or tenderness not in the organ but in some skin region sharing the same segmental innervation. This phenomenon is called referred pain.
Reflex 反射
An action carried out without voluntary control, in which a relatively fixed output pattern is produced in response to a simple input.
Reflex arc 反射弧
The chain of sensory receptor, afferent neuron, synapse, efferent neuron, effector and ,in general cases, also including several interneurons, carries out a reflex action.
Reticular activating system (RAS) 网状激动系统
Most of the various sensory pathways relay via collaterals to the reticular activating system in the brain stem reticular formation. Activity in this system produces the conscious alert state that makes perception possible.
Specific projection system 特异性投射系统
The specific sensory projection system uses relatively direct pathways through specific thalamic nuclei to restricted cortical regions.
Spinal shock 脊休克
Complete transection of the spinal cord results in the immediate paralysis and loss of sensation in all body regions innervated by spind cord segments below the lesion, this phenomenum is called spinal shock.
Stretch reflex 牵张反射
When a skeletal muscle with an intact nerve supply is stretched, the muscle being stretched contracts. This is a monosynaptie reflex called the stretch reflex.
Summation 总和
The addition of separate responses that are adjacent in time or space. The former is called temporal summation; the latter, spatial summation.
Synapse 突触
The site of cell-to-cell comunication between neurons
Synaptic delay 突触延搁
Elapsed time between arrival of a presynaptic impulse at a junction and the first sign of postsynaptic response.
Transmission 传递
The passage of excitation or inhibition crosses synapses; distinguished from conduction and propagation, which occur within a neuron and do not involve synapses.
Unconditioned reflex 非条件反射
A fixed reflex whose mechanism may be supposed to be inherited as its functioning does not depend on previous experience
Chapter 10 SENSE ORGANS
Adequate stimulus 适宜刺激The stimulus that a receptor is specialized to receive and transduce. In the case of the eye, the adequate stimulus would be visible light, in the ear it would be sound waves, and so on.
Astigmatism 散光
Astigmatism is a refractive error of the eye that causes the visual image in plane to focus at a different distance from that of the plane at right angels.
Auditory threshold 听阈
The sensation of sound detected by the ear is caused by variation on air pressure within a specific range of frequencies and intensities. The auditory threshold varies with the stimulus frequency and is least over the range 1~3kHz.
Binocular vision 双眼视觉
The impulses set up in the two retinae by light rays from an object are fused at the cortical level into a single image, which is called binocular vision.
Blind point 盲点
In the visual field of each eye, there is a physiological scotoma—the blind point, which coincides with the place where the optic nerve passes out of the eye through the sclera and there is no retina.
Color vision 色觉
Color is a perception. The three cone types have broad sensitivity curves with much overlap, and the sensation of color depends on the extent to which each is excited.
Cone 视锥细胞
Cones are for color and day vision, whose photoreceptors contains three color pigments (red, green and blue sensitive opsins).
Convergence reflex 会聚反射
When the eyes fixate on a nearby object, the signals that cause accommodation of the lens and those that cause convergence of the two eyes cause a mild degree of papillary constriction at the same time. This reflex is called convergence reflex.
Dark adaptation 暗适应
On going from a light environment into a darker one, there is a gradual increase in sensitivity allowing dimmer lights to be seen, a mechanism known as dark adaptation.
Diopter 屈光度
The refractive power is measured in terms of diopter. The refractive power in diopters of a convex lens is equal to 1 meter divided by its focal length.
Hyperopia 远视
In some individuals, the eyeball is shorter than normal and the paralled rays of light are brought to focus behind the retina. This abnormality is called hyperopia or far sightedness.
Light adaptation 明适应
When one passes suddenly from a dim to a brightly lighted enviroment, the light seems intensely and even uncomfortably bright until the eyes adapt to the increased illumination and the visual threshold rise. This adaptation occurs over a period of seconds.
Myopia 近视
The axis of the eye is too long, and even with full relaxation, images of objects at infinity are focused in front of the retina. This abnormality is called myopia.
Nystagmus 眼震颤
Nystagmus is an involuntary and abnormally oscillatory movements of the eyes.
Papillary light reflex 瞳孔对光反射
When light is shone into the eyes the pupils constrict, this reflex is called papillary light reflex.
Receptor 感受器
A cell or part of a cell specialized and normally functioning to convert (transduce) environmental stiumuli into nerve impulses of some active response in nerve cells.
Reduced eye 简化眼
If all the refractive surfaces of the eye are algebraically added together and then considered to be one single lens, the optics of the normal eye may be simplified and represented schematically as a “reduced eye”.
Refraction 折射
The bending of light rays at an angulated interface is known as refraction.
Rhodopsin 视紫红质
Visual purple; a pigment in rod cells that undergoes a photochemical dissociation in responses to light and, in so doing, stimulates electrical activity in the photoreceptors.
Sensory coding 感觉编码
The receptors not only transform the energy to another kind of energy, but also transform the information from the environment into a train of nerve impulse. This process is called sensory coding.
Transduction 换能作用
The sensory receptors can transforms or transduces a particular kind of stimulus into a change in membrane potential.
Vision 视觉
Vision is the process in which the brain uses information from light-sensitive receptors in the retina to create a representation of the external world.
Visual acuity 视敏度
Visual acuity is defined as the ratio of the distance of the individual from the chart to the distance at which the details of the correctly read line subtend 1’of arc.
Visual field 视野
The field of vision is the area seen by an eye at a given instant. The area seen to nasal side is called the nasal field of vision, and the area seen to lateral side is called the temporal field of vision.
Chapter 11 ENDOCRINE
Acromegaly 肢端肥大症A condition caused by the overproduction of growth hormone in the adult, characterized by thickening of bones and enlargement of cartilages and other soft tissues.
Addison’s disease 艾迪生病
Condition resulting from hyposecretion of all adrenocortical hormones, characterized by lethargy, weakness, hypotension, and increased skin pigmentation.
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) 促肾上腺皮质激素
A polypeptide hormone that stimulates the production and secretion of glucocorticoids by the zona fasciculate of the adrenal cortex; released by the anterior pituitary in response to CRH.
Aldosterone 醛固酮
A mineralocorticoid produced by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex; stimulates sodium and water conservation at the kidneys, secreted in response to the presence of angiotensin II.
Androgen 雄激素
A steroid sex hormone primarily produced by the interstitial cells of the testis, and manufactured in small quantities by the adrenal cortex.
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) 抗利尿激素
A polypeptide hormone synthesized in the hypothalamus and secreted at the neurohypophysis; causes water retention at the kidneys, and an elevation of blood pressure.
Autocrine 自分泌
A cell releases a chemical into the interstitial fluid that affects its own activity.
Calcitonin 降钙素
A peptide hormone secreted by C cells of the thyroid gland, tends to decrease plasma calcium concentration and in general has effects opposite to those of PTH. Calcitonin promotes the deposition of calcium in the bones and thereby decreases calcium concentration in the extracellular fluid.
Catecholamine 儿茶酚胺
Epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, and related compounds. Their actions are numerous and include the stimulation of heart rate and contractility, the inhibition of gut motility, bronchodilation and the stimulation of glycogenolysis.
Cortisol 皮质醇
One of the major corticosteroids secreted by the zona fasciculate of the adrenal cortex; a glucocorticoid, which has multiple metabolic function for control of the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats.
Cretinism 克汀病（呆小症）
Cretinism is caused by extreme hypothyroidism during fetal life, infancy, and childhood. This condition is characterized especially by failure of growth and by mental retardation.
Cushing’s disease 库欣病
A general term for conditions caused by the oversecretion of adrenal steroids, which is characterized by redistribution of fat, a “moon face”, severe muscle wasting, osteoporosis and a predisposition to diabetes and hypertension.
Dwarfism 侏儒症
A deficiency of growth hormone in children leads to dwarfism.
Endocrine system 内分泌系统
The endocrine system can be defined as the endocrine glands and cells of the body. It is one of the two coordinating and integrating systems of the body, which acts through chemical messengers (hormones) carried in the circulation and is involved in many functions, such as maintenance of the internal environment, control of the storage and utilization of energy enviroment, regulation of growth, development and reproduction, and the body’s responses to environmental stimuli.
Glucagon 胰高血糖素
A large polypeptide hormone secreted by the alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans, especially when the blood glucose concentration falls. It has several functions that are diametrically opposed to those of insulin. Glucagon increases blood glucose level. It acts on the liver to stimulate glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.
Glucocorticoids 糖皮质类固醇
A group of hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex that affect the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins and are important in mediating the response of the body to fasting and stress. At least 95% of the glucocorticoid activity of the adrenocortical secretions results from the secretion of cortisol.
Growth hormone 生长素
An anterior pituitary hormone that causes growth of almost all cells and tissues of the body and enhances the body protein, uses up the fat stores and conserves carbohydrate.
Hormone 激素
A hormone can be defined as a chemical substance (a compound), which is synthesized and secreted by a specific cell type. It is generally transported in the circulation and at very low concentrations elicits a specific response in target tissues affecting the activities of cells in another portion of the body.
Hypophyseal portal system 垂体门脉系统
The network of vessels that carry blood from capillaries in the hypothalamus to capillaries in the adenohypophysis.
Insulin 胰岛素
A hormone secreted by the beta cells of the pancreatic islets; causes a reduction in plasma glucose concentrations. Insulin lowers blood glucose mainly by facilitating glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissue and by inhibiting hepatic glucose output.
Iodine pump 碘泵
Iodine pump is a kind of protein existing in the basal membrane of the thyroid cell that has the specific ability to pump the iodide activity to the interior of the cell.
Luteinizing hormone (LH) 黄体生成素
An anterior pituitary hormone that, in the female, assists FSH in follicle stimulation, triggers ovulation, and promotes the maintenance and secretion of the endometrial glands; in the male, stimulates spermatogenesis, formerly known as interstitial cell-stimulating hormone in males.
Melatonin 促黑素
A hormone secreted by the pineal gland; probably inhibits secretion of MSH and GnRH.
Mineralocorticoid 盐皮质类固醇
Mineralocorticoid is a group of steroids hormones produced by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex; such as aldosterone that affect mineral metabolism. They gained their name because they especially afftect the electrolytes (the “minerals”) of the extracellular fluids－sodium and potassium in particular.
Neurohypophysis 神经垂体
The posterior pituitary, or pars nervosa, mainly secretes two peptide hormones, antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin.
Nitrogenous hormones 含氮类激素
Nitrogenous hormones may be classified into two families: One of the derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine, e.g. thyroxine and adrenaline, the other is the proteins or peptides, e.g. growth hormone, insulin and antidiuretic hormone.
Noradrenaline 去甲肾上腺素
A catecholamine neurotransmitter released at most sympathetic neuroeffector junctions and at certain synapses inside the central nervous system, also called norepinephrine.
Obesity 肥胖
Body weight 10~20 percent above standard values as the result of body fat accumulation.
Oxytocin 催产素
A hormone produced by hypothalamic cells and secreted into capillaries at the neurohypophysis. Oxytocin stimulates smooth muscle contractions of the uterus or mammary glands in females but has no known function in males.
Pancreatic islets 胰岛
Aggregations of endocrine cells in the pancreas; also called islets of Langerhans. i.e., the pancreatic islets are the endocrine cells of the pancreas that are localized of hormones, such as insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin.
Permissive action 允许作用
A hormone which has no effect per se but in necessary for the full expression of the effects of other hormone.
Paracrine 旁分泌
Some cells release hormones which diffuse into surrounding regions, and act locally.
Parathyroid hormone（PTH） 甲状旁腺激素
PTH is a hormone secreted by the parathyroid gland when plasma calcium levels fall below the normal range; causes increased osteoclast activity, increased intestinal calcium uptake, and decreased calcium ion loss at the kidneys.
Pineal gland 松果腺
Neural tissue in the posterior portion of the roof of the diencephalons; responsible for melatonin secretion.
Pituitary gland 垂体
An endocrine organ situated in the sella trucica of the sphenoid bone and connected to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum; includes the posterior pituitary (pars nervosa) and the anterior pituitary (pars intermedia and pars distalis).
Prohormone 激素原
Inactive form of homones; protein and peptide hormones are usually synthesized first as larger proteins that are not biologically active (preprohormones) and are cleared to form smaller proteins (prohormones) in the endoplasmic reticulum.
Prolactin 催乳素
The hormone that stimulates functional development of the mammary gland in females.
Prostaglandin 前列腺素
A fatty acid secreted by one cell that alters the metabolic activities or sensitivities of adjacent cells; generally acts as local hormone.
Second messenger hypothesis 第二信使学说
Peptide hormones act by binding to specific receptors in the plasma membrane and activate a membrane-bound enzyme, via a G-protein, that stimulates the production of an intracellular messenger. This theory is called second messenger hypothesis.
Somatomedins 生长素介质
A compounds stimulating tissue growth ; released by the liver after the secretion of growth hormone.
Steroid hormones 类固醇激素
Hormones that all have a chemical structure based on the steroid nucleus, similar to that of cholesterol and on most instances are derived from cholesterol itself.
Target tissue 靶组织
Some hormones affect only specific tissues called target tissues, because only these tissues have receptors for the hormone.
Thyroglobulin 甲状腺球蛋白
The major constituent of colloid in the follicles, which contains the thyroid hormone within its molecules.
Thyroid gland 甲状腺
The thyroid gland, which is located immediately below the larynx on either side of and anterior to the trachea, secrets two significant hormones, thyroxine and triiodothyronine, commonly called T4 and T3 that have the profound effect of increasing the metabolic rate of the body.
Thyroid hormone 甲状腺激素
The thyroid hormone is referred to thyroxine and triiodothyronine which increase the rate of chemical reactions in almost all cells of the body, thus increasing the general level of body metabolism.
Trophic hormones 促激素
Hormones stimulate secretion of hormonally active substances by other endocrine glands or the liver and other tissues.
Vitamin D 维生素D
The vitamin D must first be converted in the liver and the kidneys to the final active product, 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol which has a potent effect on increasing calcium absorption from the intestinal tract and decreasing bone deposition
Chapter 12 REPRODUCTION
Accessory sex organ 附性器官The accessory sex organs consist of accessory reproductive ducts and secretory glands which are involved in the transport and delivery spermatozoa to the female.
Blood-testis barrier 血－睾屏障
The junctional complexes limit the transport of fluid and macromolecules from the interstitial space into the tubular forming the blood-testis barrier.
Capacitation 获能
The process that enables sperm to bind to the egg.
Corpus luteum 黄体
During the first few hours after expulsion of the ovum from the follicle, the remaining granulosa and the theca interna cells change rapidly into lutein cells. They enlarge in diameter and become filled with lipid inclusions, the total mass of cells together is called the corpus luteum.
Fertilization 受精
Fertilization occurs when a few sperm are transported to the ampullae of the fallopian tubes and enter the ovum.
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) 卵泡刺激素
The follicle-stimulating hormone is a gonadotrophic hormone of the adenohypophysis which stimulates follicular development of the ovaries.
Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) 人绒毛膜促性腺激素
The human chorionic gonadotropin is a glycoprotein secreted by the trophoblastic cells of the placenta during the early part of pregnancy. HCG stimulates the corpus luteum to release estrogens and progesterone.
Implantation 植入
The blastocyst reaches the uterus and attaches to the uterine wall, it involves interactions between the endometrium and embryo. Implantation occurs about 7 days after fertilization.
Menopause 绝经期
The period during which the cycles cease and the female sex hormones diminish to almost none is called the menopause.
Menstrual cycle 月经周期
The monthly rhythmically changes in the rates of secretion of the female hormones and corresponding changes in the ovaries and sexual organs during the normal reproductive years of female.
Menstruation 月经
Sloughing of the functional layer of the endometrium resulting from corpus regression and withdrawal of steroids.
Ovulation 排卵
Ovulation is the setting free of the ovum from the ovary.
Ovary 卵巢
The primary reproductive organs of the female are the two ovaries, which produce ova and secrete the sex hormones, estrogen and progesterone.
Pregnancy 妊娠
The process in which the fertilized ovum eventually develops into a full term fetus.
Progesterone 孕激素
Progesterone is a steroid hormone produced by the corpus luteum and placenta which causes secretory changes in the endometrium and breasts.
Sertoli cell 支持细胞
The sertoli cells provide the germ cells with nutrients and stimulatory factors. They also secrete a number of substances including androgen-binding protein (ABP) and inhibin.
Testis 睾丸
The primary reproductive organ or gonad of the males are the testis, which produce spermatozoa and also secrete the male hormone, testosterone. 谢谢小Q斑竹的工作！:) :) 好多啊
谢谢:loveliness: 很好的资料，谢谢分享。 不错的资料，学习了
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